Attention-Deficit
/Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD )

Key Features of ADHD:

• Inattention: Difficulty sustaining attention, following through on tasks, and staying organized.
• Hyperactivity: Excessive movement, restlessness, and difficulty remaining seated or quiet when expected.
• Impulsivity: Acting without thinking, interrupting others, and challenges with waiting one's turn.

Detailed Overview:

Common Signs and Symptoms:

• Inattention:
  • Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
  • Frequently forgets daily activities.
  • Avoids tasks requiring sustained mental effort.
• Hyperactivity:
  • Fidgets or squirms in seat.
  • Leaves seat in situations where remaining seated is expected.
  • Talks excessively.
• Impulsivity:
  • Interrupts or intrudes on others' conversations or games.
  • Makes decisions without considering long-term consequences.
  • Struggles with waiting for their turn.

Causes and Risk Factors:

• Genetic Factors:
  • Family history of ADHD increases the likelihood of developing the disorder.
  • Certain genetic mutations have been linked to ADHD.
• Environmental Influences:
  • Prenatal exposure to tobacco, alcohol, or drugs.
  • Lead exposure during early childhood.
  • Low birth weight or premature birth.

Diagnosis:

• A comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional, including interviews, questionnaires, and behavioral assessments.
• Symptoms must be present for at least six months and cause significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.

Treatment and Support:

• Behavioral Therapies:
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to address negative thought patterns.
  • Parent training programs to manage behaviors effectively.
• Educational Support:
  • Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) or 504 Plans to accommodate learning needs.
  • Classroom modifications to reduce distractions.
• Medication:
  • Stimulant medications (e.g., methylphenidate, amphetamines) to improve focus and reduce hyperactivity.
  • Non-stimulant medications (e.g., atomoxetine) for individuals who do not respond to stimulants.
• Lifestyle Modifications:
  • Establishing structured routines.
  • Implementing organizational tools and strategies.
  • Encouraging regular physical activity to manage symptoms.