Common CNS Infections in Children:
Meningitis:
An inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, often caused by bacterial or viral infections. Symptoms typically include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and vomiting. In infants, signs may be more subtle, such as irritability, poor feeding, and a bulging fontanelle. MERCK MANUALS
Encephalitis:
An inflammation of the brain tissue itself, usually resulting from viral infections. Symptoms can range from mild flu-like signs to severe neurological deficits, including seizures, confusion, and altered consciousness. HEALTH.COM
Brain Abscesses:
Localized collections of pus within the brain tissue, often due to bacterial infections. They can present with focal neurological signs, fever, and increased intracranial pressure. LIPPINCOTT JOURNALS
Fungal Infections:
Although less common, fungal infections like cryptococcal meningitis can occur, especially in immunocompromised children. Symptoms may include fever, headache, and neurological deficits. VERYWELL HEALTH
Symptoms to Watch For:
- Fever
- Headache
- Neck stiffness
- Vomiting
- Seizures
- Altered mental status
- Focal neurological signs (e.g., weakness, sensory changes)
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation and diagnostic tests, including:
- Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): To analyze cerebrospinal fluid for signs of infection.
- Blood Cultures: To identify the causative organism.
- Imaging Studies: Such as MRI or CT scans to detect structural abnormalities.
Treatment:
Treatment depends on the causative agent and may include:
- Antibiotics: For bacterial infections.
- Antivirals: For certain viral infections.
- Antifungals: For fungal infections.
- Supportive Care: Including hydration, pain management, and monitoring for complications.
Early intervention is crucial to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of long-term neurological sequelae.
